Jul, 2017 human milk is a complex fluid that has developed to satisfy the nutritional requirements of infants. Finally, we address new technologies in human milk research, the miris human milk analyzer. Sep 02, 2017 race, age, parity, or diet fail to have a great affect on milk composition. Early and frequent monitoring of milk supply during the first 2 weeks is critical to ensure that the mother will have an adequate supply at the time of the infants discharge. The human breast milk is composed of about 6% carbohydrates, about 4% fats, about 1% proteins and about 89% water.
An observational longitudinal study in singapore collected single breast. Breastmilk contains many factors which help protect against infection and inflammation and contribute to the development of a childs immune system and a healthy gut microbiome. The principal proteins of human milk are a casein homologous to bovine bcasein, alactalbumin, lactoferrin, immunoglobulin iga, lysozyme, and serum albumin. Therefore, the composition of breast milk is widely believed to be specifically tailored by each mother to precisely reflect the requirements of her infant. In addition to proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and other biologically active components, breast milk contains a diverse microbiome that is presumed to colonize the infant gastrointestinal tract and a heterogeneous population of cells with unclear physiological roles and health implications. The fat and lactose, respectively, provide 50% and 40% of the total energy of the milk 11. Human milk is a complex fluid that has developed to satisfy the nutritional requirements of infants. While many studies of breastmilk composition have been done, there are still many components of breastmilk still being identified. The protein is present at lower level than the fat component in human milk. Milk is a product of evolution designed specifically for the nutrition of infant mammals. Early nutrition has an enormous influence on a childs physiological function, immune system maturation, and cognitive development.
The life history significance of human breast milk. Newkirk, melanie shakeel, fauzia parimi, prabhu rothpletzpuglia, pamela patusco, rachael marcus, andrea fleisch and brody, rebecca 2018. The composition of human milk is variable within feeds, diurnally, over lactation, and. Request pdf breast milk nutrient content and infancy growth aim. Many mothers do not realize there is a difference between breast milk. Humans may have the most complex breast milk of all mammals. Breastmilk composition australian breastfeeding association. The composition of human milk is variable within feeds, diurnally, over lactation, and between mothers and populations. Human milk lipids fulltext annals of nutrition and metabolism. Impact of maternal diet on human milk composition and neurological. Importance of breast milk as a mode of passive immunization in babies.
Breast milk nutrient content and infancy growth request pdf. Breast milk intake of 10 infants was determined by testweighing for 1 or more months during months 716 of lactation. Comparison of holder pasteurized frozen and retort processed shelfstable human milk as a nicu nurse, neonatologist, lactation consultant, or related medical professional, you may be making purchasing decisions about human milk products for your hospital. Pdf breast milk is a complex fluid evolutionarily adapted to satisfy the nutritional requirements of growing infants. Longitudinal aanalysis of macro and mineral in human milk. The more breast milk your baby takes, the more milk your body makes.
Breast milk and formula milk compositions cocoscience. The use of human milk and in the neonatal care unit. Benefits of human milk in preterm infant feeding feeding choice for every infant 6. Evidencebased information on composition of breast milk from hundreds of trustworthy sources for health and social care. However, the composition of human breast milk is dynamic and changes over time. Human milk also contains many hundreds to thousands of distinct bioactive molecules that protect against infection and inflammation and contribute to immune maturation, organ development, and healthy microbial colonization. Medela presents breastfeeding research into the composition of breast milk from components like fats, enzymes and proteins to minerals and vitamins. Breastmilk composition nutrition and brain development. Sphingomyelin content in breast milk and infant formula. The aim of this study was to assess the fa composition of breast milk. Human milk presents the optimal nutrition for infants and is key to sustaining health and building the foundation for growth and cognitive development. Bauer j, gerss j 2011, longitudinal analysis of macronutrients and minerals in human milk. In this paper, the relevant aspects of the composition of human milk.
Past literature provides only incomplete snapshots of breast milk composition, leading to conflicting. The following chart compares the composition of formula to that of human breast milk. Milk is the primary source of nutrition for newborns before they are able to eat. Find out whats in your breast milk and how it changes to meet your growing babys needs. Breast milk is an excellent source of nutrition for a newborn infant, providing macronutrients such as lipids, fats, proteins, and carbohydrates, as well as numerous micronutrients. In addition to proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and other biologically active components, breast milk. Understanding the impact of different processing methods on the quality of human milk. Differences between cows and human milk jama jama network. Breast milk volume and composition during late lactation. Did you know that breast milk composition varies over time. Lactoferrin is an iron binding glycoprotein that exists in cow milk at the level of 0. The unique biology of human breast milk eurekalert. Early studies on the essentiality of n3 fatty acids began with work in rodents, followed by nonhuman primates that showed neurological and visual. Breast milk composition of 119 samples collected by 46 women during months 720 of lactation was compared with composition of 101 samples collected at 46 months.
Milk is the primary source of nutrition for newborns before they are able to eat and digest other foods. Human milk oligosaccharides, milk microbiome and infant. Breast milk exclusive breastfeeding widely recommended optimal nutrition for health, growth and development a highly complex mixture of nutrients dissolved or emulsified in water human milk composition. Apr 19, 2016 unique biology of human breast milk date. The composition of breast milk consists of protein, fat and lactose and other minerals and vitamins. Understanding the components of breast milk and their functions will allow for the improvement of clinical practices, infant feeding and our understanding of immune. Psychological benefits of breastfeeding emotional bonding. In the uk, data for the nutrient composition of human breast milk are currently published within mccance and widdowsons the composition of foods, milk. Biomonitoring of human milk human milk is the natural and superior food for infants containing the optimal composition to meet their nutritional needs in early life and providing associated.
Hence, the composition of breastmilk is the biological norm for human babies. With the information available, the obvious approach to the problem of infant feeding is based on the use of human milk when feasible and of formulas simulating it as nearly as possible when for any reason breast milk cannot be made available to an infant. While the mean lipid content in human milk is relatively stable during the. Breastfeeding is the biologically normal way to feed babies. Breast milk lipids are present as milk fat globules. When you give your baby formula, your body makes less milk. Fat structure and composition in human milk and infant. Do mothers make different breastmilk for boys and girls. Breast milk composition of human milk breast milk nutrients.
The same nutrients are present in the milk of all species, although in different proportions. Hello i am dr rahat ullah a researcher from pakistan. Cortisol human milk composition and volume change across the immune factors lactation period. Human milk composition in indian mothers full text view. Breast size and family history do not affect your milk supply. Composition of human breast milk human breast milk is a complex matrix with a general composition of 87% water, 3.
The composition of human milk includes numbers for early milk and mature milk from the australian national health and medical research councils nhmrc infant feeding guidelines for health workers note. You can increase your milk supply by nursing more often. Breast milk exclusive breastfeeding widely recommended optimal nutrition for health, growth and development a highly complex mixture of nutrients dissolved or emulsified in water human milk composition is influenced by. Breast milk or mothers milk is milk produced by mammary glands located in the breast of a human female to feed a child. In addition to those nutrients breast milk also provides the infant with immune factors, growth and hormone factors, and enzymes. These findings in human infants and in nonhuman primates question the. This turns out to be a quixotic quest since human milk is a complex body fluid that is variable not only among individuals, but within an individual over time. The final aim is not necessarily to mimic the composition of human milk in every respect, but to achieve physiological effects as in breast fed infants. Pdf exploring human breast milk composition by nmrbased. Exclusive human milk feeding for the first 6 months of life, with continued breastfeeding for 1 to 2 years of life or longer, is recognized as the normative standard for infant feeding.
Only few investigations have been made on the fatty acid pattern in human breast milk during the first week after delivery 2, 4, 9, 14, 16, 19. Milk microbiota composition is associated with breastfeeding practices, multiparity, and other maternal factors in a sexspeci. Importance of breast milk as a mode of passive immunisation. The composition of human breast milk breastfeeding problems. It bridges the nutritional gap between intrauterine dependence and extrauterine independence. Regional differences in the composition of breast milk. Comparison of human milk, cows milk and infant formulas for their antifungal effects against environmental fungi aim.
Temporal changes of protein composition in breast milk of. Breast milk contains over 200 nutritional, as well as functional, components. Pdf field and laboratory methods in human milk research. From the chemical laboratory of the new york state. Human milk also contains many hundreds to thousands of distinct bioactive molecules that protect against infection and inflammation. Human milk composition breastfeeding infant nutrition pasteurization bioactive factors key points human milk composition provides the standard for human infant nutrition, including the bioactive components that safeguard infant growth and development. Comparison of human milk, cows milk and infant formulas for.
I am very much impressed from your web page and want to share some of. Cells of human breast milk malgorzata witkowskazimny and ewa kaminskaelhassan correspondence. Find out whats in your breast milk and how it changes. There is some evidence that the n6n3 longchain polyunsaturated fatty acids lcpufas ratio in early nutrition, and thus in breast milk, could influence infant body composition. While the nutritional parameters of milk are wellestablished, the dynamics of bioactive molecules in breast milk constitute a critical and underexplored area of human biology. Composition and variation of the human milk microbiota are. Breast milk fatty acid profile in relation to infant. Definition of milk in france, human milk consumption was defined in 1909 by the international congress of food by the following formula. Breast milk levels of iga against specific viruses and bacteria increase in response to a maternal exposure to these organisms. However, in order to meet the unique nutritional requirements of preterm infants and preserve the singular benefit of breastfeeding, human milk.
The fundamental composition of breast milk includes, protein, salt, and sugar, which are all contained in a fat suspension. Comparison of calorie and protein intake of very low birth weight infants receiving mothers own milk or donor milk when the nutrient composition of human milk is measured with a breast milk. The purpose of the present study was to investigate and compare the antifungal effect of human milk with infant formula and cows milk. Breast milk only breast milk and nonnutritious liquids breast milk and nutritious supplements no breast milk 28 source.
It would be impossible to list all the ingredients that make the composition of breast milk so unique. Predictors of breast milk macronutrient composition in filipino mothers. Breast milk contains a higher concentration of lactoferrin at 0. Components in breast milk which contribute to the passive immunization in babies. Lmeigs work on milk in 1881 consisted in an attempt to com pare human milk and cows milk in their content of protein or.
Recent published information on breast milk composition in nz women has focused on the levels of environmental contaminants in breast milk. The composition of human breast milk changes in response to many factors, matching the infants requirements according to its age and other characteristics. Comparison of holder pasteurized frozen and retort. The composition of human milk is the biologic norm for infant nutrition. Over the first 4 postnatal days, the size of the human milk fat globules decreases.
Variation in the protein composition of human milk during extended. Al may also provide a rich source of sm when using a specific process that retains polar lipids. Scientific opinion on the essential composition of infant. Human milk lipids provide the infant with energy and essential vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and bioactive components.
Jan 25, 2016 the effect of breast milk fatty acid fa composition on infant health outcomes is a promising area of research. Since human milk is considered as the gold standard for infants, its composition is used as a model for designing infant formula. We analysed hmo composition in breast milk fed to infants over the first 28 days post partum, matched each nec case with. The composition of human milk is very different than artificial milk or formula. Mature milk is made up of two different kinds of milk, the watery foremilk in the front of the milk producing cells alveoli and the fattier hindmilk at the back of the alveoli. Members are eligible for coverage of pasteurized donor human breast milk pdhm in the inpatient setting. Nutritional profile of mothers milk is influenced by various factors including environmental, dietary and nutritional status of the mother. Secretory iga, a type of immunoglobulin that protects the ears, nose, throat, and the gi tract, is found in high amounts in breast milk throughout the first year. Apr 19, 2016 humans may have the most complex breast milk of all mammals. The articles were also from a specified time frame from of 20092014.
Can human milk composition be used as the reference for meeting an infants nutritional requirements. In the uk, data for the nutrient composition of human breast milk are currently published within mccance and widdowsons the composition of foods, milk products. Much of the research focusing on milk bioactives comes from. Exploring human breast milk composition by nmrbased metabolomics. Given the huge diversity noted in nutritional status and ethnic dietary patterns in indian population, including pregnant and lactating mothers, it can be conceivably predicted to have an influence on milk composition. Lmeigs work on milk in 1881 consisted in an attempt to com pare human milk and cows milk. Breastfeeding is generally accepted as the optimal method of feeding infants. Comparing infant formulas with human milk infant formula. Historically one approach to match human milk composition is to add new ingredients see appendix b for the composition of formulas and human milk. Human milk is a complex biological fluid composed of thousands of constituents in several compartments.